Cooling

Every watt a chip draws turns into heat that has to leave the building. Air cooling blows air over the servers. Liquid cooling pumps a coolant through cold plates that sit right on the chips, which carries away far more heat, so racks can be packed denser. A closed loop reuses the same liquid instead of evaporating water.

A rack is one cabinet of servers. Racks now draw well over 100 kW (a kW is a thousand watts): about 140 kW in Fairwater and 167 kW in a Maia 300 rack, per Microsoft. The cards below each come from a sourced page.